A good answer might be:

If u is orthogonal to v, then   u · v  =  0.0

Solving for kv

We want:   w = kv + u,   with the condition that u is orthogonal to v. Using trigonometry:

The length of kv  =   | w | cos
The orientation of kv is vu

Remember that unit vectors are used to represent orientation in 3D space. The orientation of v is vu. (In the picture, this happens to be horizontal, but that is just for convenience). Since cos θ is wu · vu, we have what we need:

kv  =  |w| (wu · vu) vu

This formula may look awful, but it is not. This part:

|w| (wu · vu)

is a scalar. It adjusts v to to required length. In the picture this is the length of the horizontal baby blue line.

The remaining part:   vu,   just says, "same orientation as v."

QUESTION 5:

(Review: ) How do you compute a unit vector?