Published: December 10, 2001
By Richard G. Baldwin
Java Programming, Lecture Notes # 1600
Essence
My dictionary provides several definitions for the word essence. Among those definitions are the following:
I will attempt to provide that information in a high-level format, devoid of any requirement to understand detailed Java syntax. In those cases where an understanding of Java syntax is required, I will attempt to provide the necessary syntax information in the form of sidebars.
Therefore, if you have a general understanding of computer programming, you should be able to read and understand the lessons in this miniseries, even if you don't have a strong background in the Java programming language.
Viewing tip
You may find it useful to open another copy of this lesson in a separate browser window. That will make it easier for you to scroll back and forth among the different listings while you are reading about them.
Supplementary material
I recommend that you also study the other lessons in my extensive collection of online Java tutorials. You will find those lessons published at Gamelan.com. However, as of the date of this writing, Gamelan doesn't maintain a consolidated index of my Java tutorial lessons, and sometimes they are difficult to locate there. You will find a consolidated index at Baldwin's Java Programming Tutorials.
A description of an object-oriented program will be provided, along with a description of an object, and how it relates to encapsulation.
In order to relate object-oriented programming to the real world, a car radio will be used to illustrate and discuss several aspects of software objects. For example, you will learn that car radios, as well as software objects, have the ability to store data, along with the ability to modify or manipulate that data.
You will learn that car radios, as well as software objects, have the ability to accept messages and to perform an action, modify their state, return a value, or some combination of the above.
You will learn some of the jargon used in OOP, including persistence, state, messages, methods, and behaviors.
You will learn where objects come from, and you will learn that a class is a set of plans that can be used to construct objects. You will learn that a Java object is an instance of a class.
You will see a little bit of Java code, used to create an object, and then to send a message to that object (invoke a method on the object).
You will learn about Java references and reference variables. You will also learn a little about memory allocation for objects and variables in Java.
As mentioned earlier, I will describe and discuss the necessary and most significant aspects of OOP using Java.
The three pillars
Most books on OOP will tell you that in order to understand OOP, you need to understand the following three concepts:
Begin with encapsulation
Generally, speaking, these three concepts increase in difficulty going down the list from top to bottom. Therefore, I will begin with Encapsulation and work my way down the list in successive lessons.
What is an Object-Oriented Program?
Many authors would answer this question something like the following:
An Object-Oriented Program consists of a group of cooperating objects, exchanging messages, for the purpose of achieving a common objective.What is an object?
An object is a software construct that encapsulates data, along with the ability to use or modify that data, into a software entity.
What is encapsulation?
An interesting description of encapsulation was recently given in another internet.com article By Rocky Lhotka regarding VB.NET. That description reads as follows:
"Encapsulation is the concept that an object should totally separate its interface from its implementation. All the data and implementation code for an object should be entirely hidden behind its interface.I like this description, so I won't try to improve on it. However, I will try to illustrate it in the paragraphs that follow.The idea is that we can create an interface (Public methods in a class) and, as long as that interface remains consistent, the application can interact with our objects. This remains true even if we entirely rewrite the code within a given method thus the interface is independent of the implementation."
A real-world analogy
Abstract concepts, such as the concept of an object or encapsulation, can often be best understood by comparing them to real-world analogies. One imperfect, but fairly good analogy to a software object is the radio in your car.
The ability to store data
Your car radio probably has the ability to store data, and to allow you to use and modify that data at will. (However, you can only use and modify that data through use of the human interface that is provided by the manufacturer of the radio.)
The data that can probably be stored in your car radio is a list of five or six frequencies that correspond to your favorite radio stations.
Using the stored data
The radio provides a mechanism (human interface) that allows you to use the data stored therein.
When you press one of the frequency-selector buttons on the front of the radio, the radio automatically tunes itself to the frequency corresponding to that button. (In this case, you, the human object, are sending a message to the radio object asking it to perform a particular action.)
If you have previously stored a favorite frequency in the storage location corresponding to that button, pressing the button (sending the message) will cause the radio station transmitting at that frequency to be heard through the radio's speakers.
If you have not previously stored a favorite frequency in the storage location corresponding to that button, you will probably only hear static. (That doesn't mean that the radio object failed to respond correctly to the message. It simply means that its response was based on bad data.)
Modifying the stored data
The human interface also makes it possible for you to store or modify those five or six frequency values. This is done in different ways for different radios. On my car radio, the procedure is:
Please change your state
What I have done here is to send a message to the radio object asking it to change its state. The beep that I hear could be interpreted as the radio object returning a value back to me indicating that the mission has been accomplished. (Alternately, we might say that the radio object sent a message back to me.)
We say that an object has changed its state when one or more data values stored in the object have been modified. We also say that when an object responds to a message, it will usually perform an action, change its state, return a value, or some combination of the above.Please perform an action
Following this, when I press that button (send a message), the radio object will be automatically tuned to that frequency.
Historical note
While the ability to cause your car radio to remember your list of favorite stations may seem like a miracle of modern digital electronics, the truth is that radios had this capability long before they contained digital electronics. My first car had a radio that accomplished this feat using strings, pulleys, and levers.
As I recall, in order to set the frequency for a button, I had to manually tune the radio to a station by turning a knob, and then pull one of the buttons out about a quarter of an inch. From that point until I did the same thing again, whenever I pressed that button, some kind of a mechanical contraption caused a big rotary capacitor to turn just the right amount to tune for a particular radio station.
Also, I remember my grandfather having a table-model radio in the early 1940's that had radio buttons. He used them to select his favorite stations, as he surfed the airwaves.
(Interestingly, the term radio button has now become a part of programming jargon, signifying certain visual components used in graphical user interfaces.)
Enough of that, now back to my modern car radio
If I drive to Dallas and press a button that I have associated with a particular radio station in Austin, I will probably hear static. In that case, I may want to change the frequency value associated with that particular button. I can follow the same procedure described earlier to set the frequency value associated with that button to correspond to one of the radio stations in Dallas. (Again, I would be sending a message to the radio object asking it to change its state.)
Jargon
As you can see from the above discussion, the world of OOP is awash with jargon, and the ability to translate the jargon is essential to an understanding of the published material on OOP. Therefore, as we progress through this series of lessons, I will introduce you to some of that jargon and try to help you understand the meaning of the jargon.
Persistence
The ability of your car radio to remember your list of favorite stations is often referred to as persistence. An object that has the ability to store and remember values is often said to have persistence.
State
It is often said that the state of an object at a particular point in time is determined by the values stored in the object. In our analogy, even if we own identical radios, unless the two of us have the same list of favorite radio stations, the state of your radio object at any particular point in time will be different from the state of my radio object.
(However, it is perfectly OK for the two of us to own identical radios and to cause the two radio objects to contain the same list of frequencies. Even if two objects have the same state at the same time, they are still separate and distinct objects. While this is obvious in the real world of car radios, it may not be quite as obvious in the virtual world of computer programming.)Sending a message
A person who speaks in OOP-speak might say that pressing one of the frequency-selector buttons on the front of the radio sends a message to the radio object, asking it to perform an action (tune to a particular station).
That person might also say that storing a new frequency that corresponds to a particular button entails sending a message to the radio object asking it to change its state.
Invoking a method
Java-speak is a little more specific than general OOP-speak. In Java-speak, we might say that pressing one of the selector buttons on the front of the radio invokes a method on the radio object. The behavior of the method is to cause the object to perform an action.
As a practical matter, the physical manifestation of sending a message to an object in Java is to cause that object to execute one of its methods.Similarly, we might say that storing a new frequency that corresponds to a particular button invokes a setter method on the radio object.
(In an earlier paragraph, I said that I could follow a specific procedure to set the frequency value associated with a button to correspond to one of the radio stations in Dallas. Note the use of the words set and setter in this jargon.)Behavior
In addition to state, objects are often also said to have behavior. The overall behavior of an object is determined by the combined behaviors of its individual methods.
For example, one of the behaviors exhibited by our radio object is the ability to play the radio station at a particular frequency. When a frequency is selected by pressing a selector button, the radio knows how to translate the radio waves at that frequency into audio waves compatible with our range of hearing, and to send those audio waves out through the speakers.
Thus, the radio object behaves in a specific way in response to a message asking it to tune to a particular frequency.Where do objects come from?
In order to mass-produce car radios, someone must first create a set of plans, (drawings, or blueprints) for the radio. Once the plans are available, the manufacturing people can produce millions of nearly identical radios.
A class definition is a set of plans
The same is true of software objects. In order to create a software object in Java, it is necessary for someone to first create a plan.
In Java, we refer to that plan as a class.
The class is defined by a Java programmer. Once the class definition is available, that programmer, (or other programmers), can use it to produce millions of nearly identical objects.
(While millions may sound like a lot of objects, I'm confident that during the past six years, Java programmers around the world have created millions of objects using the standard Java class named Button.)An instance of a class
If we were standing at the output end of the factory that produces car radios, we might pick up a brand new radio and say that it is an instance of the plans used to produce the radio. (Unless they were object-oriented programmers, the people around us might think we were a little odd when they hear us say that.)
However, it is common jargon to refer to a software object as an instance of a class.
To instantiate an object
Furthermore, somewhere along the way, someone turned the word instance into a verb, and it is also common jargon to say that when creating a new object, we are instantiating an object.
A little bit of code
It is time to view a little bit of Java code.
Assuming that you have access to a class definition, there are several
different ways that you can create an object in Java. The most common
way is using syntax similar to that shown in Listing 1 below.
Radio myObjRef = new Radio(); Listing 1 |
What does this mean?
Technically, the expression on the right-hand side of the equal sign in Listing 1 applies the new operator to a constructor for the class named Radio in order to cause the new object to come into being and to occupy memory.
(Suffice it at this point to say that a constructor is code that assists in the creation of an object according to the plans contained in a class definition. The primary purpose of a constructor is to provide initial values for the new object, but the constructor is not restricted to that behavior alone.)A reference to the object
The right-hand expression in Listing 1 returns a reference to the new object.
What can you do with a reference?
The reference can later be used to send messages to the new object (invoke methods belonging to the new object).
Saving the reference
In order to use the reference later, it is necessary to save it for later use.
The expression on the left-hand side of the equal sign in Listing 1 declares a variable of the type Radio named myObjRef.
(Because this type of variable will ultimately be used to store a reference to an object, we often refer to it by the more specific term reference variable.)What does this mean?
Declaring a variable causes memory to be set aside for use by the variable. Values can then be stored in that memory space and accessed later by calling up the name given to the variable when it is declared.
Assignment of values
The equal sign in Listing 1 causes the object's reference returned by the right-hand expression to be assigned to, or saved as a value in, the reference variable named myObjRef (created by the left-hand expression).
Memory allocation
Once the code in Listing 1 has finished execution, two distinct and different chunks of memory have been allocated and populated.
One (potentially large) chunk of memory has been allocated (by the right-hand expression) to contain the object itself. This chunk of memory has been populated according to the plans contained in the definition of the class named Radio.
The other chunk of memory is a relatively small chunk allocated (by the left-hand expression) for the reference variable containing the reference to the object.
Invoking a method on the object
Assume that the definition of the Radio class defines a method with the following format (also assume that this method is intended to simulate pressing a frequency-selector button on the front of the radio):
public void playStation(int stationNumber)
What does this mean?
Generally, in our radio-object context, this format implies that the behavior of the method named playStation will cause the specific station identified by an integer value passed as stationNumber to be selected for play.
Public and void
The void return type means that the method doesn't return a value.
The public modifier means that the button can be pressed by anyone in the car who can reach it.
(Car radios don't have frequency-selector buttons corresponding to the private modifier in Java.)The method signature
Continuing with out exposure of jargon, some authors would say that the following constitutes the method signature for the method identified above:
playStation(int stationNumber)
A little more Java code
Listing 2 shows the code from the earlier listing, expanded to cause
the method named playStation to be invoked.
Radio myObjRef = new Radio(); myObjRef.playStation(3); Listing 2 |
The first statement in Listing 2 is a repeat of the statement from the earlier listing. It is repeated here simply to maintain continuity.
Method invocation syntax
The second (boldface) statement in Listing 2 is new to Listing 2.
This statement shows the syntax used to send a message to a Java object, or to invoke a method on that object (depending on whether you prefer OOP-speak or Java-speak).
Join the method name to the reference
The syntax required to invoke a method on a Java object joins the name of the method to the object's reference, using a period as the joining operator.
(In this case, the object's reference is stored in the reference variable named myObjRef. However, there are cases where an object's reference may be created and used in the same expression without storing it in a reference variable. We often refer to such an object as an anonymous object.)Pressing a radio button
Given the previous discussion, the numeric value 3, passed to the method when it is invoked, simulates the pressing of the third button on the front of the radio (or the fourth button if you elect to number your buttons 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
In order to understand OOP, you need to understand the following three concepts:
A description of an object-oriented program was provided, along with a description of an object, and how it relates to encapsulation.
In order to relate object-oriented programming to the real world, a car radio was used to illustrate and discuss several aspects of software objects. You learned that car radios, as well as software objects, have the ability to store data, along with the ability to modify or manipulate that data.
You learned that car radios, as well as software objects, have the ability to accept messages and to perform an action, modify their state, return a value, or some combination of the above.
You learned some of the jargon used in OOP, including persistence, state, messages, methods, and behaviors.
You learned where objects come from, and you learned that a class is a set of plans that can be used to construct objects. You learned that a Java object is an instance of a class.
You saw a little bit of Java code, used to create an object, and then to send a message to that object (invoke a method on the object).
You learned about Java references and reference variables. You learned a little about memory allocation for objects and variables in Java.
Continuing with the real-world example introduced in this lesson, the next lesson will provide a complete Java program that simulates the manufacture and use of a car radio.
Along the way, you will see examples (or read about) of class definitions, constructing objects, saving references to objects, setter methods, sending messages to objects, instance variables and methods, class variables, array objects, persistence, and objects performing actions,
Copyright 2001, Richard G. Baldwin. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission from Richard Baldwin is prohibited.
Richard has participated in numerous consulting projects involving Java, XML, or a combination of the two. He frequently provides onsite Java and/or XML training at the high-tech companies located in and around Austin, Texas. He is the author of Baldwin's Java Programming Tutorials, which has gained a worldwide following among experienced and aspiring Java programmers. He has also published articles on Java Programming in Java Pro magazine.
Richard holds an MSEE degree from Southern Methodist University and has many years of experience in the application of computer technology to real-world problems.
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